ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2018 | Volume
: 11 | Issue : 7 | Page : 423--429
Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves methanol extract against liver injury in animal model
Attia H Atta1, Soad M Nasr2, Abduljalil H Almaweri1, Doaa Sedky2, Amany M Mohamed2, Hassan M Desouky3, Mostafa A Shalaby1,
1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, P.O. box 12211, Egypt
2 Department of Parasitology & Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. box 12622, Egypt
3 Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. box 12622, Giza, Egypt
Correspondence Address:
Soad M Nasr
Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth Street, Dokki, Post Box, 12622, Giza
Egypt
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of n-hexane, dichloromethane(DCM), ethyl acetate(EtOAc), n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Moringa oleifera(M. oleifera) leaves methanol extract against carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. Methods: These fractions were prepared from the M. oleifera leaves methanol extract by solubilization in water and partitioning in n-hexane, EtOAc, DCM and n-butanol. Their phyto-components were identified by GC-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant effect of these fractions was carried out by assessment of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into 8 equal groups: group 1 given olive oil (1 mL/kg b.wt.), group 2 injected with CCl4, group 3 to 7 administered with n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol and aqueous fractions, respectively after CCl4, group 8 administered with silymarin after CCl4. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, total proteins and albumin in serum were determined spectrophotometrically. Glutathione reduced, lipid peroxide by-products levels, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase enzyme activities in the liver homogenate were determined by spectrophotometer. Liver specimens were also examined for histopathological alterations under light microscope. Results: The GC-MS analysis of different fractions of the M. oleifera leaves methanol extract revealed that n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions contained 17, 22, 23, 19 and 32 compounds, respectively. The percent and the molecular structure of each component in each fraction were identified. The n-butanol and EtOAc fractions exhibited the strongest in vitro antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. CCl4 significantly decreased glutathione reduced and total proteins concentration and glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities but increased lipid peroxide by-products and total cholesterol levels. The n-hexane followed by aqueous and DCM fractions were the most potent to regulate serum enzyme activities and lipid peroxide by-products levels in the liver homogenate. Conclusions: n-hexane, DCM, and aqueous fractions have the highest effectiveness against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Isolation and purification of the active constituents require further experiments.
How to cite this article:
Atta AH, Nasr SM, Almaweri AH, Sedky D, Mohamed AM, Desouky HM, Shalaby MA. Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves methanol extract against liver injury in animal model.Asian Pac J Trop Med 2018;11:423-429
|
How to cite this URL:
Atta AH, Nasr SM, Almaweri AH, Sedky D, Mohamed AM, Desouky HM, Shalaby MA. Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves methanol extract against liver injury in animal model. Asian Pac J Trop Med [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 7 ];11:423-429
Available from: https://www.apjtm.org/text.asp?2018/11/7/423/237186 |
Full Text
1. Introduction
Hepatic dysfunctions particularly those caused by toxic chemicals, certain drugs, and environmental pollutants continue to be among the principal threats to public health worldwide[1]. In spite of a large number of therapeutic agents, there are no completely safe and effective drugs that maintain hepatic function, or aid in regenerating hepatocytes[1],[2]. Thus, alternative pharmaceuticals for the treatment of hepatic dysfunction are highly required. Medicinal plants are promising sources for drugs used for treatment of many diseases. The widely cultivated Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera, Moringa or drumstick tree) is one of these plants. It was used by the ancient Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, south east and tropical Asian countries, Africa, and Latin America[3]. It contains abundant amount of proteins, fats, beta-carotene, vitamin C, iron, potassium, and other nutrients[3]. It was used since long time ago for treatment of many diseases, and therefore, it is called a “miracle vegetable”[4],[5]. For these reasons, this plant has been studied for its various biological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic[6], anti-cardiovascular diseases[7], antiviral[8], antioxidant[9],[10], antimicrobial anti-inflammatory[9] and anticancer effects[11],[12]. Only few studies have reported the hepatoprotective effects of M. oleifera leaves extract. The hepatoprotective action of M. oleifera seeds against carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver dysfunction has been reported[13]. The hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves on liver damage induced by anti-tubercular drugs was evaluated in rats[14]. The CCl4 model resembles all important properties of animal liver injury, including inflammation, regeneration and fiber formation[15]. Since the leaves are usually the most edible part of this plant, the effect of M. oleifera leaves extract against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis was tested. In a previous study[16] a promising hepatoprotective effect of the crude methanol extract of M. oleifera leaves against CCl4 intoxication was reported. It was the aim of this study and in continuation of those findings, different fractions of hydro-methanol extract of M. oleifera leaves were prepared using solvents with increasing polarity namely: n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), n-butanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and finally the aqueous fraction. The antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of these fractions against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats were tested.
2. Materials and methods
This experiment was carried out according to the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Cairo University, Approval Protocol No.: CU-II-F-59-15 on 12/2015.
2.1. Plant material and fractionation
The air dried M. oleifera leaves (Family: Moringaceae) were obtained from the Egyptian Scientific Society for Moringa at National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza. Leaves were grounded to powder and kept in closed bottle. A voucher sample of M. oleifera leaves was kept in the Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. Dried powder was macerated several times at room temperature for one week with methanol (1:10) and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum at 40 °C by rotary evaporator. M. oleifera leaves methanol extract (MOLME) of the plant was stored at -4 °C. MOLME was fractionated by solubilisation in water and then sequential partitioning using solvents with increasing polarity, namely: n-hexane, EtOAc, DCM and n-butanol according to the method of Mojarrab et al[17]. The fractions and the remaining aqueous fraction were evaporated to dryness and used for phytochemical and pharmacological studies. The yield ratios of each fraction were: 35.0%, 5.5%, 0.7%, 12.0% and 46.8% for n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol and aqueous fraction, respectively.
2.2. GC/MS analysis
GC (Agilent Technologies 7890A) interfaced with a mass-selective detector (Agilent 7000 Triple Quad) was used. Agilent HP-5ms capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm ID and 0.25 ×m film thickness) was used. The flow rate was 1 mL/min. The injector and detector temperatures were 200 °C and 250 °C, respectively. The acquisition mass range was 50-600. The formulae of the components as identified by comparing their mass spectra and RT with those of NIST and WILEY library were recorded.
2.3. In vitro antioxidant effect of different fractions of MOLME
The in vitro antioxidant effect of different fractions of MOLME was carried out by assessment of free radical scavenging activity of DPPH as described by White et al[18].
2.4. In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects
2.4.1. Animals
Forty Sprague Dawley 6 weeks’ old rats (120–150 g) of both sexes were purchased from Animal Breeding House, NRC, Giza, Egypt. They were kept under hygienic conditions in cages at (25±3) °C room temperature with 12 h dark/light cycle. They were allowed free access to standard feed and water. After two weeks of acclimatization period, rats were allocated into 8 equal groups. Rats of the group 1 were given olive oil (1 mL/kg b.wt.) 4 d per week. Rats of group 2 were injected with CCl4 (30% in olive oil) at a dose of 3 mL/kg.b.wt. intraperitonealy (I/P) twice a week. Rats of group 3 to 7 were administered with n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol and aqueous fraction, respectively at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. orally in olive oil 24 h after CCl4. Rats in group 8 were administered silymarin (a reference drug) orally in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. in olive oil 24 h after CCl4. Treatment persisted for 4 weeks.
2.4.2. Blood samples
Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment by puncture of retro-orbital plexus of veins of each rat 24 h after the last hepatotoxin administration early before diet. Blood samples were collected in plain tubes, without anti-coagulant to separate clear serum. Sera were kept at -20 °C until used for biochemical analysis.
2.4.3. Serum biochemical assessments
The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, total proteins and albumin were determined spectrophotometrically (T80 UV/VIS PG instrument Ltd, UK) using commercial test kits from bioMérieux-France.
2.4.4. Assessment of oxidant/antioxidant markers in liver tissue
All rats were euthanized at the end of the experiment (4 weeks), using over dose of chloroform. Liver specimen of each rat was kept immediately in 10% formalin for histopathological examination and the remaining part was kept at -80 °C for preparation of liver tissue homogenate. After washing in ice-cold 0.9% NaCl, one gram of liver tissue of each rat was homogenized in ice-cold potassium chloride solution (1.15% in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4) using Sonicator (4710 Ultrasonics Homogenizer, USA) to obtain 10% (W/V) liver homogenate which was centrifuged at 4 000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C . The supernatant was collected and used for determination of the antioxidant markers.
Glutathione reduced (GSH), lipid peroxide by-products (LPx) levels, glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were determined in the liver homogenate. Spectrophotometer (T80 UV/VIS PG instrument Ltd, UK) was used for analysis of all parameters using commercial test kits from Biodiagnostic Co, Egypt.
Liver specimens were fixed in 10% formol saline then dehydrated, cleared, and embedded in paraffin blocks. Paraffin sections of 5 microns thickness were prepared, stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and examined for histopathological alterations under light microscope[19].
2.5. Statistical analysis
Data were presented as mean±SE. Differences between means were tested for significance by ANOVA test using SPSS version 16 computer program. Probability level of P<0.05 was taken as indication of significance.
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical analysis
GC-MS of different fractions of the MOLME are illustrated in [Figure 1]. GC-MS analysis of different fractions of the MOLME revealed that n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions of MOLME contained 17, 22, 23, 19 and 32 compounds, respectively. The major components (>5%) in the n-hexane fraction were (11Z)-10-methyl-11-tetradecenyl propionate and egtazic acid; in the DCM fraction, the compounds were camphoric acid, (11Z)-10-methyl-11-tetradecenyl propionate, β-orcinaldehyde and egtazic acid; in the EtOAc fraction, the compounds were methyl 3, 6-anhydro-a-D-galactoside, 1-methylcyclohexanol, valine, cis, cis-muconic acid and methylmalonic acid; in the n-butanol fraction, the compounds were betaine, camphoric acid, 3-deoxy-d-mannoic lactone and mannosamine and in the aqueous fractions, the compounds were 6-octadecenoic acid, methyl elucidate, (11Z)-10-methyl-11-tetradecenyl propionate, flavoxate and citrulline.{Figure 1}
3.2. Antioxidant effect
3.2.1. In vitro DPPH free radical scavenging activity
The n-butanol and EtOAc fractions exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging activity against DPPH (89.9% and 88.9%, respectively). Mild effects were recorded for n-hexane, aqueous and DCM fractions (24.5%, 26.1% and 13.3%, respectively).
3.2.2. Effect of different fractions of MOLME on serum biochemical parameters
CCl4 significantly (P<0.05) increased ALT and AST activities and total cholesterol levels and slightly increased glucose level. However, triglycerides level was slightly decreased. Administration of the n-hexane fraction modulated all the CCl4-induced biochemical changes. Moreover, DCM fraction and silymarin modulated the CCl4-induced changes in transaminases activity and triglycerides levels. EtOAc fraction normalized triglycerides and total cholesterol, while n-butanol fraction significantly increased triglycerides and decreased blood glucose levels as compared to CCl4-treated rats. The administration of the aqueous fraction normalized all the biochemical parameters except AST activity [Table 1].{Table 1}
CCl4 significantly decreased total globulins and slightly decreased total proteins. However, it significantly increased A/G ratio but it did not alter albumin level. Administration of different fractions of MOLME revealed that n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol and aqueous fraction as well as the reference drug silymarin normalized the total proteins levels but had no significant change in the profile of other protein parameters [Table 2].{Table 2}
3.2.3. Antioxidant effect of different fractions of MOLME CCl4 significantly decreased GSH concentration and hepatic GST and CAT activities as compared to those of control group but induced significant (P<0.01) increase in LPx level. The administration of n-hexane, DCM or aqueous fraction of MOLME as well as silymarin into CCl4-intoxicated rats resulted in significant improvement in all of these parameters compared with those of CCl4-intoxicated rats. Administration of EtOAc and n-butanol fractions attenuated CAT activity but could not modulate the CCl4-induced alterations in other antioxidant biomarkers [Table 3].{Table 3}
3.2.4. Histopathological findings
Microscopic examination of livers of normal rats showed normal hepatic architecture with normal central vein, portal tract and radiating hepatic cords [Figure 2]A. Livers of CCl 4-intoxication showed massive and diffuse fatty change, cellular necrosis, collapsed blood sinusoids, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, perilobular, and pericentral vein fibrous connective tissue (C.T.) accompanied with presence clusters of hemosiderin laden macrophages. In portal area marked fibrous C.T. proliferation associated with focal aggregation of mononuclear cells was recorded. There were dilatation and congestion of hepatic blood vessels [Figure 2]B. Liver of CCl4–intoxicated rats treated with n-hexane or DCM fraction of MOLME showed almost normal hepatic architecture, moderate degree of fatty change, activation of Kupffer cells with mild inflammatory cell infiltration. There is no fibrous C.T. proliferation around the central vein and massive accumulation of mononuclear inflammatory cells in portal area (absence of fibrosis) and hepatic sinusoids. The cellular swelling without fatty change and rare centrilobular necrosis were reported. There was activation of Kupffer cells [Figure 2]C and [Figure 2]D. Treatment of CCl4–intoxicated rats with EtOAc fraction of MOLME showed severe and diffused scattered fatty change (steatosis) accompanied with individual cell necrosis. Multiple areas of hepatic cell necrosis associated with dissociation of hepatic cords, collapsed hepatic sinusoids and inflammatory cell aggregations were observed. Also, there were dilatation and congestion of hepatic blood vessels. In the portal tract, marked fibrous C.T. proliferation accompanied by aggregation of inflammatory mononuclear cells was seen [Figure 2]E. Treatment of CCl4–intoxicated rats with n-butanol fraction showed extensive centrilobular fatty change associated with a proliferation of Kupffer cells, haemosidrosis, individual cellular necrosis, and engorged hepatic blood vessels. The portal tract showed fibrous C.T. proliferation (fibrosis) accompanied by aggregation of inflammatory mononuclear cells [Figure 2]F. Treatment of CCl4–intoxicated rats with aqueous fraction showed mild to moderate centrilobular fatty change of hepatic cell and infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells mainly lymphocytes and macrophages [Figure 2]G. Treatment of CCl4-intoxicated rats with silymarin, normal hepatic architecture was seen in the most of examined cases. The hepatocytes were relatively swollen with granular cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Activation of Kupffer cells was also seen. In few cases mild to moderate degree of fatty change of centrilobular hepatic cells associated with few numbers of mononuclear inflammatory cells in hepatic parenchyma were observed [Figure 2]H.{Figure 2}
4. Discussion
In the present study, the MOLME was fractionated and its components were identified by comparing their mass spectra and retention time with those of the NIST and WILEY library. The component of the methanol extract of Moringa plant has been reported to contain 100 compounds[20]. However, in this work, the constituents of different fractions of the hydromethanol extract were analyzed for the first time. The n-hexane, DCM, EtOAc, n-butanol and the aqueous fraction contained 17, 22, 23, 19 and 32 compounds of which 7, 12, 8, 15, and 18 compounds were of more than 1% each, respectively. The chemical structure of each compound was identified. This information is valuable for isolation, purification and further evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy and safety for human and animals. In continuation of this information, the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of these fractions were tested.
Although the in vitro antioxidant effect of crude methanol extract of M. oleifera leaves has been previously reported[17], the present results markedly revealed, for the first time, that n-butanol (89.9%) and EtOAc (88.9%) fractions exhibited the strongest in vitro free radicle scavenging activity against DPPH. Similar antioxidant effect of M. oleifera was previously reported[21]. The CCl4 toxicity was characterized by a significant increase in ALT and AST activity and total cholesterol and LPx levels. Moreover, CCl4 decreased the activities of both hepatic GST and CAT and the concentration of total proteins and GSH. The mechanism of CCl4 intoxication may be attributed to a direct toxic effect of CCl4 metabolites or to a peroxidative degeneration of membrane lipids causing the development of hepatic steatosis, increased serum ALT and AST activities and elevated triglycerides level[22]. The CCl4-oxidative injury caused disruption of the hepatocellular plasma membrane, inhibition of protein synthesis and release of hepatic transaminases[23]. The activity of ALT and AST has long been used as a good marker of assessment liver function. These enzymes are released from damaged hepatocytes and their activity in plasma is increased. Their activity is therefore used as a useful marker to the extent and type of hepatocellular damage[24]. Moreover, CCl4-induced fatty degeneration is responsible for the reported increased serum triglycerides level[25] and the decreased albumin level[23].
The antihepatotoxic effects of different fractions of MOLME were marked and comparable to that of silymarin. This is based on the significant alleviation of the CCl4-induced alteration of liver enzymes, triglycerides and glucose. Previous studies have demonstrated that crude MOLME exhibited hepatoprotective effect against different hepatotoxic chemicals such as antitubercular drugs[26], diclofenac[27], acetaminophen[28] and CCl4[16]. In this study, additional evidence revealed that n-hexane, DCM and aqueous fractions are more powerful in decreasing the CCl4-elevated AST, ALT and total cholesterol. These three fractions were also the more powerful in increasing the level of GSH and LPx and the activity of GST and CAT which have been reduced in CCl4-intoxicated rats. It was observed that the decrease in the activity of ALT was more pronounced than the decrease in AST indicating that the effect of different fractions of MOLME is more specific on the hepatocytes which are the most exclusive source of ALT than AST. The decreased activity of liver enzymes in serum of treated rats may be attributed to a membrane stabilizing effect. This effect could be due to its content of total phenolics or flavonoids which reduce lipid peroxidation in rat liver[29] and/or steroids and triterpenoids[30] which have an antioxidant activity. The methanol extract of M. oleifera leaves was reported to contain flavonoids, saponins and unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenes[16]. Phenolic compounds were also separated from M. oleifera[29],[31] which were reported to be responsible at least for its antioxidant activity. Many compounds exert their protective action by decreasing the production of CCl4 derived-free radicals or by their own antioxidant effect[32]. The n-butanol and EtOAc fractions of MOLME appeared to have the strongest in vitro free radicle scavenging activity but exhibit less in vivo effectiveness against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. In this respect, the free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts is usually dependent on the solvent used for extraction[33]. This fact could explain the difference in antioxidant potency among different fractions. Moreover, the antioxidant phytochemicals such as phenolics are subjected to numerous biochemical reactions along ingestion, digestion, and absorption by the organisms. Moreover, the co-ingestion of other nutrients can affect their bioavailability in relation to the ingested dose[30]. Therefore, the in vitro antioxidant effects are not usually consistent with the in vivo properties[34]. M. oleifera has been reported to lower the serum total lipids, an effect which could account for the triglycerides and cholesterol lowering effect[6]. On the other hand, the anti-hepatotoxic effect may be attributed to a number of active constituents reported from the phytochemical analysis such as L-valine, which has been suggested to have therapeutic potential in liver cirrhosis[35]. Moreover, ethyl caffeate reported in the phytochemical analysis was suggested to reduce the degree of liver injury when administered intraperitoneally in rats[36]. In correlation to the biochemical and antioxidant biomarkers, liver of CCl4-intoxicated rats treated with the n-hexane, DCM and aqueous fraction of methanol extract of M. oleifera showed mild to moderate degree of fatty change, mild inflammatory cell infiltration, less severe hepatic lesions and mild to moderate vacuolar degeneration of hepatic cell parenchyma and C.T. proliferation. In contrast to rats treated with EtOAc and n-butanol fraction which showed marked and diffuse fatty change (steatosis), cellular necrosis and inflammatory cell aggregations with fibrous C.T. proliferation, extensive centrilobular fatty change associated with proliferation of Kupffer cells, hemosidrosis, cellular necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltration. In this concern, improvement of liver histopathological picture by MOLME has been previously reported on liver damage induced by CCl4[16] and other hepatotoxic drugs[26] in rats. In this study the n-hexane, DCM and aqueous fraction of methanol extract of M. oleifera are the best to ameliorate CCl4-induced pathological changes.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
The authors are greatly indebted to the Egyptian Scientific Society of Moringa, National Research Centre and STDF ID: 5979 for supplying the plant material and for the great help in biochemical analysis.
References
| 1 | Adewusi AE, Afolayan AJ. A review of natural products with hepatoprotective activity. J Med Plants Res 2010; 4(13): 1318-1332. |
| 2 | Guan YS, He Q. A current update on the rule of alternative and complementary medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: Article ID 321234. |
| 3 | Mukunzi D, Nsor-Atindana J, Xiaoming Z, Gahungu A, Karangwa E, Mukamurezi G, et al. Comparison of volatile profile of Moringa oleifera leaves from Rwanda and China using HS-SPME. Pak J Nutr 2011; 10(7): 602-608. |
| 4 | Bashir K, Waziri A, Musa D. Moringa oleifera, a potential miracle tree; A review. J Pharm Biol Sci 2016; 11(6): 25-30. |
| 5 | Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Sci Human Wellness 2016; 5(2): 49-56. |
| 6 | Biswas SK, Chowdhury A, Das J, Roy A, Hosen SZ. Pharmacological potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam.: A review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012; 3(2) :305-310. |
| 7 | Igwe K, Nwankwo P, Otuokere I, Ijioma S, Amaku F. GCMS analysis of phytocomponents in the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leave. J Res Pharm Sci 2015; 2(11): 1-6. |
| 8 | Waiyaput W, Payungporn S, Issara-Amphorn J, Nattanan T, Panjaworayan T. Inhibitory effects of crude extracts from some edible Thai plants against replication of hepatitis B virus and human liver cancer cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 246. |
| 9 | Kumar Gupta S, Kumar B, Srinivasan B, Nag TC, Srivastava S, Saxena R, et al. Retinoprotective effects of Moringa oleifera via antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-angiogenic mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29(4): 419-426. |
| 10 | Wangcharoen W, Gomolmanee S. Antioxidant activity changes during hot-air drying of Moringa oleifera leaves. Maejo Int J Sci Technol 2013; 7(3): 353-363. |
| 11 | Jung IL. Soluble extract from Moringa oleifera leaves with a new anticancer activity. PloS one 2014; 9(4): e95492. |
| 12 | Vasanth K, Ilango K, MohanKumar R, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Anticancer activity of Moringa oleifera mediated silver nanoparticles on human cervical carcinoma cells by apoptosis induction. Colloids & Surf B: Biointerfaces 2014; 117: 354-359. |
| 13 | Hamza AA. Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera Lam seed extract on liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48(1): 345-355. |
| 14 | Samuel AJ, Mohan S, Chellappan DK, Kalusalingam A, Ariamuthu S. Hibiscus vitifolius (Linn.) root extracts shows potent protective action against anti-tubercular drug induced hepatotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141(1): 396-402. |
| 15 | Liedtke C, Luedde T, Sauerbruch T, Scholten D, Streetz K, Tacke F, et al. Experimental liver fibrosis research: update on animal models, legal issues and translational aspects. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2013; 6(1): 19. |
| 16 | Atta AH, Soufy H, Nasr SM, Soliman AM, Nassar SA, AlMaweri A, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of methanol extractof Moringa oleifera leaves in rats. Wulfenia 2017; 24(3): 249-268. |
| 17 | Mojarrab M, Lagzian MS, Emami SA, Asili J, Tayarani-Najaran Z. In vitro anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity of different fractions of Artemisia armeniaca. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2013; 23(5): 783-788. |
| 18 | White PA, Oliveira R, Oliveira AP, Serafini MR, Araújo AA, Gelain DP, et al. Antioxidant activity and mechanisms of action of natural compounds isolated from lichens: A systematic review. Molecules 2014; 19(9): 14496-14527. |
| 19 | Suvarna KS, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques. [Online] 7th ed. Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012. Available from: https://books.google.com.eg/ books?id=wPPU4NyGm3gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_ summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [Accessed on 1st October 2012] |
| 20 | Kadhim EJ, AL-Shammaa DA. Phytochemical characterization using GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (Family Moringaceae) plant cultivated in Iraq. Chem Mater Res 2014; 6(5): 9-26. |
| 21 | Ndhlala AR, Mulaudzi R, Ncube B, Abdelgadir HA, du Plooy CP, Van Staden J. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical variations in thirteen Moringa oleifera Lam. Cultivars. Molecules 2014; 19(7): 10480-10494. |
| 22 | Manibusan MK, Odin M, Eastmond DA. Postulated carbon tetrachloride mode of action: A review. J Environ Sci Health C 2007; 25(3): 185-209. |
| 23 | Girish C, Pradhan S. Hepatoprotective activities of picroliv, curcumin, and ellagic acid compared to silymarin on carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in mice. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2012; 3(2): 149-155. |
| 24 | Debray D, Kelly D, Houwen R, Strandvik B, Colombo C. Best practice guidance for the diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease. J Cyst Fibros 2011; 10(Suppl 2): S29-S36.. |
| 25 | Bashandy S, AlWasel S. Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats: Protective role of vitamin C. J Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 6(3): 283-292. |
| 26 | Atawodi SE, Atawodi JC, Idakwo GA, Pfundstein B, Haubner R, Wurtele G, et al. Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Med Food 2010; 13(3): 710-716. |
| 27 | Baravalia Y, Vaghasiya Y, Chanda S. Hepatoprotective effect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenac sodium induced liver toxicity in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4(5): 342-346. |
| 28 | Sharifudin SA, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, Hairuszah I, Moklas MA, Arulselvan P. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera extracts against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharm Biol 2013; 51(3): 279-288. |
| 29 | Al-Olayan EM, El-Khadragy MF, Metwally DM, Abdel Moneim AE. Protective effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice on testes against carbon tetrachloride intoxication in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014; 14: 164. |
| 30 | Roopalatha UC, Mala Nair V. Phytochemical analysis of successive reextracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013; 5(S3): 629-634. |
| 31 | Pakade V, Cukrowska E, Chimuka L. Comparison of antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera and selected vegetables in South Africa. S Afr J Sci 2013; 109(3/4) Art. #1154, 5 pages. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ sajs.2013/1154 |
| 32 | Bhaskar V, Balakrishnan N. Protective effects of Pergularia daemia roots against paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharm Biol 2010; 48(11): 1265-1272. |
| 33 | Pavithra K, Vadivukkarasi S. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of leaves from Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Food Sci & Human Wellness 2015; 4(1): 42-46. |
| 34 | Rubió L, Motilva MJ, Romero MP. Recent advances in biologically active compounds in herbs and spices: A review of the most effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory active principles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53(9): 943-953. |
| 35 | Nakanishi C, Doi H, Katsura K, Satomi S. Treatment with L-valine ameliorates liver fibrosis and restores thrombopoiesis in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride. Tohoku J Exp Med 2010; 221(2): 151-159. |
| 36 | Chang P, Terbach N, Plant N, Chen PE, Walker MC, Williams RS. Seizure control by ketogenic diet-associated medium chain fatty acids. Neuropharmacology 2013; 69: 105-114. |
|
